10 Interesting Facts About James Buchanan

Is The Ideal Investment Over Apple Inc. - 1157 Words

Among the myriad of technology companies now available for investment on the stock market, Google’s new parent Alphabet and the ever-innovating Apple Inc. maintain their spots as two of the most popular. The two titanic companies have previously had a sizeable gap between the values of their stocks, with Apple Inc. leading Alphabet thanks largely to its massive deposits of cash. USA Today analyst John Shinal asserts that because of this more rapid growth, Alphabet is the ideal investment over Apple Inc. for investors who favor growth stocks while Apple Inc. is preferred for its dividend payouts. Shinal’s assertion is presented in a very formal manner with few detractors, giving his analysis a larger feeling of credibility even without prior knowledge of his credentials. The article, titled â€Å"Alphabet Closing in on Apple’s Value†, was published in the national newspaper USA Today, on October 26, 2015. This analysis of this financial trend was writte n by John Shinal, a regular writer for USA Today. Despite this article being about finances, Shinal is usually a technology columnist for the paper, putting this subject only partially into his established area of expertise. This fact could be used to discredit the analysis presented in the article, but is at the same time a minor argument. Shinal’s entanglement in the world of technology news puts him in a spot to be constantly observing the changing valuations of the stocks from the companies under observation. ThroughoutShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Apple Inc.970 Words   |  4 PagesApple Corporation has revolutionized the technology industry though offer unique design to attract customer. In the process, Apple Inc. is aware of the weakness of the industry and pose itself into the industry with an outstanding performance results. Apple Corporation can classified with four reason that Apple became success: innovative, First, one of the factors that lead to Apple’s success is the Apple former CEO, Steven Jobs. He is the soul of Apple. He credited to first sustainable music downloadingRead MoreApple Evaluation Report1592 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial performance of Apple Inc. from 31 Dec 2006 to 31 Dec 2010 1.0 Terms of Reference: This research report, addressed to the Board of Directors is a method of offering clear perception over the financial evolution of Apple Inc. (APPL) from 2006-10. APPL is a designer, manufacturer and marketer in a range of personal computers, media devices, mobile communication and portable digital music players. It also sells a range of related software, services and applications. Apple Inc. a total of 317 storesRead MoreApple Inc. An American Corporation1259 Words   |  6 PagesApple INC is an American corporation headquartered in the state of California. Founded on April 1st, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. The Company designs, manufactures, and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, accessories, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. All these products are sold worldwide through Apple’s retail storesRead MoreAmazon Company Analysis : Business Analysis1558 Words   |  7 Pages Amazon Company Analysis Group 1: Adrian Perez Cassie Carey David Mendoza Laura Stone Wayland Baptist University Amazon Company Analysis Introduction Amazon.com Inc. was initiated by Jeff Bezos in 1994 after realizing the rapid rate at which the internet and websites were growing in popularity among business organizations and individuals. In 1995, the company started operating its website for selling books, videos, compact discs, computer software and computer hardware beforeRead MoreFinancial Evaluation Of Beats By Dr. Dre Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesstudio tracks. This brand has managed to outgrow the existing and established manufacturers of these devices by systematically creating the need and desire within a person to acquire these. Beats by Dre has teamed up with partners like Best Buy and Apple to retail their headphones along with the official website Beats by Dr. Dre. Through these retail stores you are able to find headphones products and prices. Some the of these produces are: Beats Solo ($199.95) Beats Executive ($299.95) Beats StudioRead MoreWhat Kind Of Strategy Does Your Company Follow?1195 Words   |  5 PagesQ1. Research what kind of strategy does your company follow? Apple Inc, a giant in the cell phone, tablet, computer and music player market follows a mixed strategy. Apple has been using a differentiation strategy since it started out in 1976. But throughout its tenure of product excellence till date, it has managed to keep its market share to a large amount. This indicates to the fact that Apple also believes in customer intimacy as without providing top of the line customer service and user experienceRead MoreFinancial Research Paper2532 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract The decision to invest is a decision that should not be taken lightly. It requires the careful planning and research of the company that is a potential investment. It is the responsibility of a financial manager to ensure that his client is making a wise and responsible investment decision. The idea is to invest in a company that has growth potential and that will in the future generate a profit to essentially create a sound invest return for the investor. Introduction Deciding toRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business787 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist and Nobel laureate Milton Friedman’s article published in The New York Times Magazine in 1970 titled, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.† (NYTimes, 1970) set tone for companies all across the country and all over the world. Companies start to turn in profits that shattered all charts and stock markets. Beginning in 1960s to 1990s, Capitalism had won the cold war with its arch rival the Soviet Union had withered away into the oblivion and the companies thatRead MoreExecutive Compensation : A Pay Ratio Rule1083 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch they earn. Compensation is adminster differently for executives and lower-level employees in many organizations, especially large ones. At the heart of most executives compensation plans lies the idea that company grows in profitability and over a period of years they should have value. Basically, executive compensation has a variable pay that is distributed through different forms of incentives. Based off of the higher tax brackets that high-salaried executives fall in, these executivesRead MoreThe Purpose Of Copyright Laws1130 Words   |  5 Pagescopyrights of intellectual property (IP), destroys the chain of commerce reflected in these different industries; which also includes the loss of employment to workers in each industry. In short, copyright laws protect the motivation of creativity, the investment of commerce, plus the employment of a labor-force. WHY COPYRIGHT LAWS? As recognized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO, n.d.), in the â€Å"Protection of Industrial Property† (p. 4, par. 2) during the Paris Convention of 1883

Laura Esquivel Free Essays

Laura Esquivel’s â€Å"Like Water For Chocolate† is an epic novel set in Mexico at the turn of the twentieth century. It is a bittersweet love story between Tita and Pedro who through fate have kept them apart. The novel is divided into months and starts each chapter with a recipe from Tita’s kitchen. We will write a custom essay sample on Laura Esquivel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the novel we follow the seemingly doomed love affair between the two main protagonists of the book. Their affection for each other finally unites them in the afterlife at the end of the novel. The novel is a good example of how the Spanish culture has influenced the new world, or the American continent. Likewise, the novel also is a reflection of Spanish culture principally through its culinary practices. In pre-columbian times, the indigenous peoples of America, revered chocolate or cacao and was often even used as both currency and commodity of trade. The Olmecs, Aztecs and other ancient members of Maya culture regularly included the drink from the cacao beans in their rituals. But previously, the chocolate drink was reserved for the warriors and the elite and consumed only after and not during a   meal. When Columbus discovered America, these cacao beans were then sent back to Europe and was widely accepted there alongside other food products from America like the potato, tomato and other grains. â€Å"Like Water For Chocolate† vividly describes a typical rancheria in Mexico and here we get a glimpse of family life infused in long-held traditions as imposed by the grand matriarch. It is not uncommon for Spanish families to live in one roof even if the children are adults and married. It is quite the norm that married children and their spouses and children continue to live with either the family of the wife or husband. In the novel, Tita is forbidden to marry, being the youngest daughter, she is expected to take care of her aging parents and helping out with household tasks. A profusion of rituals and daily chores in the kitchen reveal to us readers the extent in which Spanish culture has been introduced to the new world. Spanish breakfast occurs twice in a day. The early breakfast consists of bread and coffee with milk eaten at home before one sets off to work or school. A second breakfast occurs anytime between 10 and 11 o’clock in the morning consisting of sweet rolls or biscuits and a tostada – a toasted bread smeared with butter and served on a saucer with olive oil for dipping. Sometimes the bread is served rubbed with tomato and garlic for a more robust flavor. Lunch then occurs at 2 pm which may consist of an omelette, a sausage, and finished with fruit. This repast may be eaten with coffee or beer. After lunch, the customary siesta or afternoon nap commences. This nap may last up to two hours, wherein businesses are closed, and will only open around 4pm. Thus is the unusual and laid-back attributes of the Spanish. In the evening, tapas is served, these are small servings of food or appetizers that may consist of vegetables, seafood, meat, chicken, sausages or just about anything that may be found in the kitchen. This hours are spent eating and drinking wine. Tapas bars abound in the more urban areas in Spain and are regular fare for the citizenry. By 11pm, a real dinner is served. A hearty full-course of salad, soup, entrà ©e, and dessert followed by coffee or an aperitif caps the day. Then off to bed goes the typical Spaniard in what was a typical day spent. The culinary traditions of Spain are steeped in their culture and daily life. The influence of these are far and wide covering the entire world as Spain set out to far reaches in search of wealth and territory. In their vast colonies, Spain brought these traditions with them and in turn imposed them on the local populace but also inter-mingling the local practices in turn. It is safe to conclude therefore that Spanish culinary traditions have been both recipient and donor. For Spain adapted to new world ingredients and manners of cooking. The novel masterfully exploits the culinary richness of Spain and makes these the springboard on which the plot so brilliantly revolves around. The recipes we read in the book are presented in such that their preparation all the way to their consumption is woven into the lives and motives of the characters involved. The recipe for chocolate and rose petals illustrates this. When Tita cooks the rose petals into the chocolate she is consumed with passion and unrelenting desire for Pedro – and eventually transforms all those who imbibe the drink into a frenzy of heat, lust, love and desire as well. Source: Davidson, Alan, The Oxford Companion To Food, 1999    How to cite Laura Esquivel, Essay examples

Career Success free essay sample

Despite the increasing importance of the organizational commitment and the relevance of subjective success in the current context of the professional careers, a gap exists in specialized literature. The hypotheses were tested by means of a structural equations model and it has been observed that individual perception of the success achieved in professional careers has a positive relation to affective commitment and a negative relation o employees’ continuance commitment. The relation between these two types of commitment and the intention to leave are those anticipated in the current literature. Finally, contextualising the present paradigm shift in psychological contracts and the pro? les of a professional career, the implications of this study on human resources policies are considered and future lines of investigation are suggested. 1. Introduction For more than three decades, scientific literature (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Meyer et al. , 2002) has been reflecting the impor tance of organizational commitment. With the exception of some critical contributions (Baruch, 1998), and regardless of the contextual changes that have occurred as well as the alteration to psychological contracts (Rousseau, 1989; Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1995), present empirical evidence seems to continue to stress the importance of organizational commitment (Meyer et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , 2002; Luchak and Gellatly, 2007). That is to say, from the point of view of employees, organizational commitment can lead to greater self-esteem and greater psychological well-being, which affects the organization (Escrig-Tena, Roca and Bou, 2002). For the organization, to have committed employees implies, among other positive aspects, higher performance, lower cost associated to voluntary absenteeism, lower indices of counter-productive behaviour, greater citizen behaviour, lower turnover of personnel and therefore a greater capacity to retain talent (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Meyer and Allen, 1997; Meyer and Herscovitch, 2001; Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, and Topolnytsky, 2002). In this way, society in general tends to benefit from the fact that organizations have committed employees, in terms of greater national productivity and efficiency at work (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990). In the same way, in recent years, the fight for talent has become a very important factor in the current organizational context (Somaya and Williamson, 2008). Attracting, retaining and assuring the satisfaction of key employees constitutes one of the fundamental factors in obtaining sustainable competitive advantages. Therefore, promoting organizational commitment of talented workers ensures a higher level of intellectual capital in organizations (Ulrich, 1998) and lasting returns. In a similar way, according to Judge, Cable, Boudreau and Bretz (1995), organizations are more effective if they promote the psychological success of their employees, that is to say, the more effective are those that have employees with greater intrinsic satisfaction with their professional careers, as well as objective progress. Previously, the existing literature has concentrated mainly on the objective aspects of professional careers, but in the present context, subjective success perceived by employees has gained in importance (DeVos, Dewettnick and Buyens, 2008), although it is still a developing subject for investigation. With regard to records on organizational commitment, investigations conducted by Lee (1971), Mowday et al. (1982) and Steers (1977), confirmed later by meta-analyses by Mathieu and Zajac (1990) and Meyer et al. (2002), observed three categories that included: personal variables (i. . , age, gender, level of education, seniority), variables associated to the work and its purpose (i. e. , ambiguity of the work, level of autonomy, timetable, workload, career mobility), and variables associated with structural factors (social participation, personal importance and training). All of these have displayed different empirical results in degrees of significance and relation, using the different policies of human resources as a base (Smeenk et al. , 2006). However, in spite of the impact suggested in relation to the satisfaction on the part of employees with their 145 rofessional career in organizational spheres, there are few empirical investigations that back this up. For this reason, and given the importance of organizational commitment as a precedent for many desirable behaviours in organizations, we asked ourselves if a connection exists, and of what type, between subjective success of employees and their organizational commitment. In this way, we tried to fill in a substantial gap in current specialized literature, as well as analyze possible future lines and practical implications for policies in human resources. In order to undertake the study, an empirical investigation has been carried out with 150 participants, which allowed us to test the hypotheses through a model of structural equations. Given that organizational commitment constitutes one of the central predictors of intention to leave an organization (Meyer and Herscovitch, 2001), when opting to extend the model this variable was included, allowing in this way confirming relations already outlined in several preceding studies (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Meyer et al. 2002). The reminder of this article is structured as follows: an introduction of the theoretical framework is presented, where we consider the hypotheses of work, followed by the methodology to follow where the techniques of analysis used are reflected. Finally, the results are presented and discussed, and we conclude by analyzing the future limitations of this investigation, as well as future lines and the possible practical implications on human resources policies. 2. The oretical framework and hypotheses Recent decades have been characterized by deep transformations in the labour world, such as globalisation, rapid technological advances, an increase in competitive pressures, a reduction in the job security and the democratization of labour life (Gratton and Ghoshal, 2003). In the West, and in particular in Europe, increasing emphasis has been made to policies of human resources that attempt to attract and improve intellectual resources in order to create sustainable competitive advantages. Career Success free essay sample This study proposes to analyze the relation between subjective success, the affective and continuance components of organizational ommitment and the intention to leave the organization, in order to re? ect the repercussions on organizational and individual levels. Despite the increasing importance of the organizational commitment and the relevance of subjective success in the current context of the professional careers, a gap exists in specialized literature. The hypotheses were tested by means of a structural equations model and it has been observed that individual perception of the success achieved in professional careers has a positive relation to affective commitment and a negative relation o employees’ continuance commitment. The relation between these two types of commitment and the intention to leave are those anticipated in the current literature. Finally, contextualising the present paradigm shift in psychological contracts and the pro? les of a professional career, the implications of this study on human resources policies are considered and future lines of investigation are suggested. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , In this way, society in general tends to benefit from the fact that organizations have committed employees, in terms of greater national productivity and efficiency at work (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990). In the same way, in recent years, the fight for talent has become a very important factor in the current organizational context (Somaya and Williamson, 2008). Attracting, retaining and assuring the satisfaction of key employees constitutes one of the fundamental factors in obtaining sustainable competitive advantages. Therefore, promoting organizational commitment of talented workers ensures a higher level of intellectual capital in organizations (Ulrich, 1998) and lasting returns. In a similar way, according to Judge, Cable, Boudreau and Bretz (1995), organizations are more effective if they promote the psychological success of their employees, that is to say, the more effective are those that have employees with greater intrinsic satisfaction with their professional careers, as well as objective progress.

Ok Cheater free essay sample

Business organisations often use professional specialist agencies to help them produce an effective campaign that will achieve the promotional objectives. A good campaign must also use the right media. †¢Explain the role of advertising agencies in the development of a successful promotional campaign. (P3). †¢Benefits of using professional advertising agencies (M2) †¢Explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign (P4) †¢Evaluate an existing national marketing campaign (D2) 2. Explain how professional advertising agencies can contribute to the promotional success of a selected product. (include in your answer a couple examples of the advertising used in the Orange Wednesday campaign (P3) 2. 2 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using professional agencies in ensuring the promotional success. (Remember, not all advertising campaigns are successful and advertising agencies can significantly affect whether the campaign is successful or not. There a disadvantages to using an advertising agency, which need to be carefully considered) (M2) . We will write a custom essay sample on Ok Cheater or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 Explain the general factors that have to be considered when selecting appropriate media for a successful. Evaluate fully an existing national marketing campaign. (Evaluation is about considering in detail the advantages and disadvantages of something and coming to conclusions as a result of this analysis. Was the campaign worth the effort? ) (D2) Task 4: YOUR OWN CAMPAIGN – PRESENTATION (P5 M3) Design a promotional campaign for a given product/service to meet the needs of a given campaign/creative brief (P5) †¢Provide a rationale for the promotional campaign (M3) Scenario: Due to large commitments at Red Agency you have been asked to participate in the creation and design of an ad campaign for a given product to meet the needs of a given campaign / creative brief. You also have a preference to pick which project to part take in You are required to choose 1 of the 3 situations from the campaign briefs stated below: A new cafe established to specialise in the sale of ethical food brands. The owner wants to attract customers that have a passion for the cause. The budget for the campaign is ? 8,000, required campaign length is 2 weeks during the launch of the business. -A successful health and fitness club is opening a new branch 5 minutes away from the Paddington campus of CWC. The owners have identified students at the college as target customers and are hoping to attract a large number of students to sign up for 25% discounted annual contracts.

tHOMAS edison a essays

tHOMAS edison a essays I read the book Young Thomas Edison , by Sterling North. The book tells about Edison's Young life and how he greatly succeeded through out the years. It tells about his greatest inventions and Edisons Historic sites and how her became the greatest inventor Thomas Alva Edison was born of February of 1847, in Milan Ohio. He was the seventh and last child of Nancy Edison and Samuel Edison. Thomas Alva Edison inherited much of his intelligence from Nancy Elliot Edison. Nancy Edison would read books to Thomas Edison about scientists. That's when Edison got interested in When Thomas Alva Edison was ten, he and his family moved to a small town in Purt, Hacon. There he had his own laboratory in the basement. At the age of eleven Edison and his friend would raise ten acces of vegetables. Then they would plant them and they would sell them around town. They wanted to earn money so they could give it to the family. They wanted to do this because they had financial problems. When Thomas Alva Edison was older he worked as a trainboy and would sell candies and newspapers. One day Thomas Edison's father realized that Edison was deaf from one ear. Thomas Edison became deaf from working on the locomotive. When Edison was working as a trainboy he got the idea of inventing a telegraph. When Edison was in his twenties he earned many patents by inventing the lightball, telegram, telegraph and many more inventions. Edison's second wife was Mrs. Mina Miller Edison. Edison had many chemical laboratories in his life. On 1931, Thomas Alva died when he collapsed. By this his inventions we have are street lights, I would really recommend this book to any one because Thomas Alva Edison is ...

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay This case study is in relation to a 19 year old adult, Shaku who suffers from learning disability. Shakus heritage is East African/ Punjabi and both her parents are people who work full time. Shaku lives with her parents, bothers, sister and grand mother. The family of Shaku is not a devoted Muslim family but it has been observed that they value their traditions. Regarding Shaku’s learning disability, her speech is impaired and she is physically disabled and requires assistance with personal care tasks. Although she is disabled, but she is like a normal girl in many ways, who loves fashionable cloths, loves to watch movies and misses her friends from school. Shaku has a speech and language therapist, Jean who is working with her with computerized assistive technology. A learning disability affects the way someone learns, communicates or does some everyday things. Someone has a learning disability all through his or her life. There are many different types of learning disabili ty. They can be mild, moderate or severe. Some people with a mild learning disability do not need a lot of support in their lives. But other people may need support with all sorts of things, like getting dressed, going shopping, or filling out forms. Some people with a learning disability also have a physical disability. This can mean they need a lot of mental and physical support 24 hours a day. Shaku has been attending a local authority ran day centre, Hopefield Road Resource Centre for people with learning disabilities three times a week for the last 12 months. In addition to this she has a care agency, Helpful hands visiting at home three times a day, for one and a half hours at a time to help her with simple everyday tasks. Shaku is getting more and more frustrated and angry everyday. There are many reasons for her verbally abusive out bursts. After interviewing her, this is what I came to know about her family back ground and the way things are going for Shaku. Shaku feels she is a burden on her parents, as both of them are working parents; they do not have the time to look after her. This also frustrated Shaku as she needs more time from people who love her and are close to her. Shaku does get some amount of support from her grandmother but that is not enough as she can not openly communicate with her in Punjabi. Shaku feels uncomfortable being left up to others. Even though she can not perform everyday tasks by herself, she still finds this inconvenient. For example, she does not like to go to bed early. Shaku is disturbed by the thought of the centre closing because then she would not have any activities to do. Although Shaku portrays a friendly attitude towards Kerry, she is not comfortable with her presence and is somewhat feeling being abused. Another important issue in Shaku’s life is about what will happen to her in future. She is unsure and uncertain. Her parents plan on marrying her, to which she does not give a favourable response.

IT and Strategic Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT and Strategic Systems - Research Paper Example Currently, competitive advantages mainly originate from technological enhancements as well as innovation regarding business models and processes. This makes support activities like information systems along with research and development the most important sources of advantage in terms of differentiation. Additionally, primary activities are mainly the sources of cost advantage making the costs easily identifiable for every activity and thus properly managed (Harvard Business Publishing, 2008). The main aim of value chain activities is offering the customers value that will surpass the costs of the activities so that it can lead to profit margins. The primary activities associated with the value chain include inbound logistics that involves receiving and warehousing materials that will be used for production as well as distributing them to the manufacturing department when they are needed. Other activities are operations, which entail the process of transformation of inputs into finished commodities, and outbound logistics that involves storing the finished goods in warehouses and distributing them when needed. Marketing and sales, involving identifying the needs of the customers and generating sales as well as service that supports customers after they have bought the commodities are also activities that are associated with the value chain. These activities are supported by among other things technological development, which comes up with various technologies that support the activities of creating value (Netmba.com, 2010). Porter’s five forces assume five significant forces that define the level of competition in a business environment including supply power that evaluates the ease with which suppliers can increase prices depending on the number of suppliers on every key input, how unique the commodity is and the costs associated with

Ree speech on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ree speech on the Internet - Essay Example This is why terror groups use the internet to upload images of inhuman executions and issue terror threats with intent of causing panic and disruption of normal day to day operations. When such information is posted on the internet, it is quickly distributed to countless individuals through social media and other platforms such as email. This makes it impossible to extract such information from the public domain. With restrictions, such information cannot be uploaded to the internet since the source will be afraid that the information will be easily traced to him if control mechanisms are installed. This enhances the security situation of a country and the world at large. Secondly, the internet has been changed into an immoral world where materials such as hate speech, pornography and other lewd materials can be carelessly made available to the general public including underage children. Hate speech is capable of causing public unrest to the extent of causing riots and civil unrest. Unrestricted postage of pornography leads to moral decay since children who frequent the internet are bound to land onto this content. With restricted free speech on the internet, individuals issuing hate speech can be easily be traced for prosecution. Pornographic material made available to the general public including under age children can be controlled and minimized for the benefit of the society. Last but not least, the internet’s purpose is diluted when unrestricted free speech is allowed. Unrestricted speech means that information can be made available to a target audience without confirmation of how legit it is. The internet is an important tool for passing out information. With unrestricted free speech, the internet’s credibility and purpose of sharing information is jeopardized. Establishment of some level of restriction ensures that information

Medical Technology in Todays Society Essay Example for Free

Medical Technology in Todays Society Essay Medical technology in todays society is often seen as a treatment or cure for human health issues. The term medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of science to improve the management of health. Unfortunately, the negative impacts of this technology are often left unexposed to the public until too late. Medicine, such as drugs, is often perceived to be of benefit to humans as it is used to cure various diseases. On the other hand, medicine can also be highly damaging. Using medicine incorrectly; consuming it in small dosages, in excess, or using it abusively; can be injurious to peoples health. Modern medical technology can also be damaging for human well-being but this effect is not restricted to health. Throughout time people have become increasingly reliant on modern medicine. This is especially so in todays modern society. Medical intervention by use of technology has been able to help prolong many lives. An example of this is those who suffer from asthma. These sufferers may use air purifiers and/or nebulizers along with prescribed medication to help them live more comfortable and longer lives. It can be deemed a miracle that we are able to help so many people overcome their illnesses with medical technology. The current technologies available are able to do incredible things but people must be constantly aware of other modern technologies that can interfere and put the patient at risk. An example of this is the pacemaker which has the ability to save a persons life and ultimately extend it. However, external factors can interfere with medical technology and ultimately put the patient at risk. For example, radiation from everyday items such as microwaves to wireless devices such as mobile phones can affect the operation of the pace maker. Thus medical technology has a negative impact on the user of this device as it places environmental limitations on where he or she can go. Users of such a device therefore need to be continuously wary of their environment. In addition, the implementation of a pace maker prevents users from undertaking MRI scans as the process interferes with the function of the device. This is a prime example of medicine acting against itself, All medical technology needs to be treated and used with caution. Respirators need to be constant monitored and the same applies for the simplest drips. Hospitals nowadays are equipped with technology that requires the operating knowledge of hospital staff and medical professionals. The medical technology that is used in hospitals needs to be carefully monitored. Misuse could lead to an accident that has the possibility to cause a long term negative effect for the patient. It is due to the above reason that today, proficient clinical settings require the consistent expertise of all medical staff in relation to the operation of medical technology. Medical technology was invented for our health and well being. However there is always the risk of unforeseen consequences. An example of this is LASIK (Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis) eye surgery, an operation where a patient has his or her vision corrected. Eyesight clinics advertised that the operation would improve a persons vision and give freedom to those who did not like wearing glasses or contacts all the time. Before user a laser to correct the vision the operation required the practitioner to cut open the patients corner. During the trial stages of the operation, this procedure led to several unsuccessful results where the patients suffered from extremely dry eyes, milky vision and poorer eyesight than prior to the operation. Other disastrous results included foggy visions, starbursts around lights and double vision. These after effects negatively impacted the lives of the patients greatly as they now had worse vision than prior to the operation. However, it is thanks to researchers that the medical technology in this field has advanced to a level where the risks are now minimal. These professionals are currently working on a new method of corrective eye surgery where it will not be necessary to cut open the cornea before lasik surgery is used. There will be even less of a chance that things will go wrong if the answer to this problem is found. The Gamma Ray, used to eliminate cancerous cells around the brain without the use of open surgery, is another example where medical technology could have negative effects. Its intention was to cure people with cancerous cells in places of high risk or in places that could not be safely accessed by open surgery. The risk lies in the calculation of the amount of radiation that is directed at the cancer. If there is a miscalculation the laser may destroy the cancer and other cells around it, leading to brain damage. From these two examples one can see that there is a limit to how medical technology can be used. Drugs created by medical technology are intended to help humans recover from their illness or improve their condition, however they are harmful if taken in small dosages, in excess or if used in the wrong way. For example if more that 400mg of vitamin E if is taken a day it will act as a blood thinner. Large doses of vitamin A causes heart problems. An overdose of cold and fly medications can lead to liver failure. Medicine, such as antibiotics are often perceived to be of benefit to humans as it is commonly used to treat bacterial infectious diseases. On the other hand, antibiotics can have unpleasant consequences if taken in dosages that do not completely eradicate the pathogen, thereby contributing to resistance. Antibiotics can also be used abusively when physicians prescribe the drug unnecessarily or if patients become complacent and do not adhere to the necessary antibiotic therapy. From these examples it is easy to see that medicines can cause adverse effects if taken in excess, small dosages or if used in the wrong way. Lack of funding for medical technology can cause negative effects on the genetic fitness of populations. It can bring about misleading information to the creation of a cure. As new diseases are constantly emerging, doctors, scientists and researchers need to know as much information about the sickness before they can find a cure. They need to know specific information such as the lifespan of the offending pathogen, if the disease is a virus, the exact signs and symptoms and the genetic make up before they can start research on the cure. However, lack of funds means that research projects may be delayed or even stopped before a cure is found. Researchers need the money so that they will have access to proper equipment and resources. Without it, they may not be able to conclude a research project that has the potential to find information that will lead to a cure. A major issue in medical technology is regulation. Ethical considerations need to be recognised and evaluated before research can continue. Also the lack of funding also means that cures cannot be tested thoroughly. All cures, whether they are over the counter drugs or prescription medications to medical technology (electronic thermometers), need to be thoroughly tested before they can be passed onto the market or used safely by professionals. In addition, the testing regimes may incur societal backlash due to experimentation on animals. As a result, lack of funds can prevent cures from being formed and this negatively impacts the public. Medical technology is very important for those with diseases and those who are ill or injured. For people with asthma a breathing machine may be essential for life, without it breathing may become difficult and even dangerous. Medical technology can add years to our lives and can make life better. It enables us to live past the normal expectancy of life. Technology has so many benefits. Without it we would not be able to travel, contact others around the world, entertain, or educate as well as we do. Medical technology is perhaps the most important technology of all.

Behavior Changes and Side Effects in LSD Users Essay -- Hallucinogens

Behavior Changes and Side Effects in LSD Users In 1938, Albert Hofmann created lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD- 25) at Sandoz pharmaceutical laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. It was initially created to aid as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant, and it was discovered to stimulate contraction of the uterus. In 1943, it was unintentionally absorbed into Hofmann's skin, and he discovered that it was an extremely potent hallucinogen. Although a true hallucinogen is when a person sees or hears something (without sensory cues) that does not exist, and believes that the perceptions are real, LSD is considered a hallucinogen which merely alters the perception of existing sensory stimuli while most users are aware that their distorted perception is caused by the drug, (Henderson, 37, 45). LSD temporarily alters an individual's normal mode of perception, reasoning, memory, thoughts, and feelings, while producing a flood of intensified sensations. Colors, sounds, and visual imagery become more intense, subjective time is altered, and visual illusions including perceived movement of stationary objects are experienced. "The primary emotional response may be of euphoria and contentment, or less often a side effect of confusion, fear, anxiety, and despair" may result, (Henderson, 2). "Hallucinogens have been used for centuries by various people often in sacred rituals (Henderson, 37). LSD's most profound psychic effect, the sense of contacting some profound universal truth, cosmic consciousness, or transpersonal state, often described as feeling that the mind is transcending the boundaries of the individual self, with space, time, and identity all disarranged, is often the motivation f... ...e oxidase inhibitors or lithium. Behavioral Brain Research, Vol. 73, Issues 1 and 2, p. 229-233, (1995). Daw, Jennifer. Why and how normal people go mad. American Psychological Association, Vol. 33, No. 10 (November 2002). Halpern, J.H., and Pope, H.G., Jr. Do hallucinogens cause residual neuropsychological toxicity? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 53: p. 247-256, (1999). Henderson, L.A. and Glass, W.J. LSD: Still With Us After All These Years. New York: Lexington Books, 1994. Kalat, J.W. Biological Psychology. Canada: Wadsworth a division of Thomson Learning Inc., 2004. Ungerleider, J.T., M.D. The Problems and Prospects of LSD. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1968. www.drugabuse.com; NIDA Research Report Series: "Why do people take hallucinogens?" www.streetdrugs.org/lsd.htm www.usdoj.gov/dea www.usdoj.gov/ndic

Costco vs. Sam’s Club vs. Bj’s Wholesale Case Study

Section 3 – SWOT Analysis Costco vs. Sam’s Club & BJ’s Wholesale Strengths 1. Costco sells top-quality merchandise at prices consistently below what other wholesalers or retailers charge 2. Substantially lower operating and costs than most retailers because they purchase full truckloads of merchandise directly from manufacturers and display items on pallets or inexpensive shelving/kept extra inventory on high shelving directly on the sales floor rather than in central warehouses 3.Comparatively low costs for store decor and fixtures as well as labor costs since they are open fewer hours than conventional retailers, and therefore require fewer people to operate relative to the sales volume that a store generates 4. Costco caps the margins on brand-name merchandise at 14% and their private-label items at 15%, about 20% below comparable name-brand items Weaknesses 1. Memberships are more expensive ($50 vs. $35 at Sam’s and $45 at BJ’s) 2.Costco has few er stores in the United States and worldwide than Sam’s Club, making their name less known 3. Without revenues from membership fees, Costco’s profits would be miniscule due to its strategy of capping the margins on branded goods 4. Criticized for going all out to please customers at the expense of charging prices that would increase profits for shareholders Opportunities 1. Implement aisle markers, express checkout lanes, self-checkout lanes, and low-cost video-based sales aids as BJ’s does 2.Differentiate products in price categories – good, deluxe, and luxury (BJ’s method) 3. Begin accepting manufacturer’s coupons (BJ’s method) 4. Stock a broader product assortment to appeal to larger clientele Threats 1. BJ’s Wholesale Club locations are clustered in order to benefit from greater name recognition and maximize the efficiencies of management support, distribution, and marketing activities; therefore, it is harder for Costco to market itself in areas where BJ’s locations are predominant (especially New England, where it was started) 2.Extended store hours offered by Sam’s Club and BJ’s are hard to compete with 3. BJ’s uses one-day passes to introduce non-members to its club and in the spring/fall runs free trial membership promotions to draw new customer base – takes away from Costco’s 4. Detailed POS data enables BJ’s managers and buying staff to track changes in members’ buying behavior so they can target markets and keep customers loyal to their warehouse only

Equal opportunities for all in employment Essay

1. Do you think that legislation is useful in ensuring that there are equal opportunities for all in employment? There has been a gradual reduction in discrimination through the last century, legislation past by the government in numerous acts have acted to reduce discrimination in the work place. The Equal pay Act 1970, The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relation Act 1976 are the main legislation that reduce discrimination. The Equal Pay Act 1970 ensured that men and women get the same terms and conditions for working a comparable job. Previous to this there were many employers paying women less for doing the same amount of work as a man. The Sex discrimination Act 1975, made it illegal to discriminate in employment on the grounds of sex and martial status. This act also brought to light direct discrimination; where someone is treated less favourably than a member of the opposite sex; and indirect discrimination; where a particular requirement apparently treats everyone equally but has a disproportionate effect on a particular group; the required must also not be justifiable (Bratton & Jones 1994). The Race Relations Act 1976 made it unlawful for employers to discriminate on grounds of race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national background. This was in an effort to reduce racism especially in the work place. These pieces of legislation are in an attempt to provide ‘equal opportunities’. Employer should only make decisions based upon the person’s ability to do the job. Though the government tries to ensure equal opportunities by giving out legislation that is encouraging, equal opportunities relies on good working practice. This is highlighted in job analysis where a person specification must not be more favourable to men than women. Advertising must not discriminate on grounds of sex or martial status, ‘sales person’ as appose to ‘salesman’. Interviews and selection must not ask discriminating questions such as whether a woman intends to have children. In conclusion legislation goes a long way to helping equal opportunities, and some cases (Grieg V Community Industry (1979), Gubala V Crompton Parkinson Ltd (1979)) have been brought against employers for discrimination. But real equal opportunity relies on the employer’s good practice of this legislation (Pendlebury 1996). 2. Is positive discrimination a worthwhile policy for an organisation and for society in general? Is there an overriding justification for positive discrimination? Positive discrimination is only worthwhile when used to dismiss preconceptions. Ethnic groups do not go into the police force generally for fear of racism and discrimination. UK police have a policy of encouraging recruitment from ethnic groups. This is to help represent society, which is multi-cultural; therefore enforcement officers should also be multi-cultural for an equal representation. Though positive discrimination must not be confused with or lead to preferential treatment on the basis of tokenism e.g. everyone past the recruitment test except for the woman, therefore we re-test or just allow her in anyway, as we need a woman. In politics, the House of Parliament is meant to be a representation of Great Britain’s society this is not the case. The majority of the House of Parliament is middle-aged, white and male. Steps have been made to positively discriminate to attain a more un-biased representation of the population. In this case there is an overriding justification for discrimination to help the young, women, ethnic groups into the House of Parliament. 3. Why is the interview such a popular method of selection, and what are its advantages and disadvantages? The interview is the most popular method of selection because it allows much more detail than any other form. Questions can be posed and the responses gauged as they are given. The advantages of the interview are that it has direct face-to-face communication. A rapport can be built up between candidate an interviewer; giving a relaxed atmosphere and more natural answers. The interview can be used to find out specific details crucial to the job and the candidates ability in this area. The candidate is less likely to exaggerate face-to-face than they might on an application form. An interview generally outlines what the candidate wrote on an application form. It is the best method of getting an accurate prediction of work performance. The disadvantages of a interview is that the candidate can deceive the interviewer in specialist areas that the interviewer knows nothing about e.g. the candidates knowledge of internal computer circuit boards, the interviewer might not know enough information about them to tell if the candidate is really the right person for the job. The interviewer’s perception may be selective, s/he may be racist, and this lack of objectivity may go unnoticed. A rapport with the candidate might cloud the interviewers objective judgement. An interviewer might dismiss a candidate on first impressions or stereotyping and then spend the rest of the interview confirming their decision. Or the halo effect where a smart dressed candidate distorts later judgements. The interviewer can make a logical error just because the candidate has not held down a job for more than six months doesn’t mean they won’t this time. Interviews place more emphasis on the negatives rather than the positives. Inexperienced interviewers might make errors of judgement and bias the results (Chambers 1997). 4. Analyse the problems associated with psychometric testing, and the underlying assumptions on which this selection procedure is based. Psychometric testing has a number of drawbacks: There is not always a direct relationship between the candidate’s performance in the test and their ability in the job. The job situation may be very different from the artificial test scenario. The interpretation of the results is usually complicated requiring training and experience. It is highly subjective, which belies the apparent scientific nature of the approach. Individual psychometric tests have their own drawbacks; an aptitude test for arithmetical ability would need to be constantly revised to ensure that later applicants would not know its content. Personality tests are often misleading as applicants try to guess which result will be viewed most favourably. Intelligence tests do not usually take into account different cultures and attitudes, which affects their chances of scoring well. It can be very hard to test for obscure traits such as maturity and creativity. It is difficult to erase bias from tests. Many tests are completed better by men than women, tests are usually designed by men this influences the make-up of the test. It is hard not to discriminate against race or sex in particular aspects of the testing. The underlying assumption is that all applicants test on fair and equal terms. If an applicant’s mother is ill in hospital this will weigh on the applicants mind and may distract them in the test. The best applicant may be having an off day, while the worse applicant might be on top form. Rewards Management 1. Analyse the connection between motivation and pay using three mainstream motivation theories. Herzberg’s two factor model of motivation claims that money is a ‘hygiene factor’ which means it is a dissatisfier if it is not sufficient, however money is not a potential satisfier or positive motivator. Herzberg said that money’s impact on favourable feelings is short term, while not enough pay produced long term unfavourable feelings. Adams’s Equity theory of motivation argues that satisfaction from pay is related to the employee’s perception. This is the amount of effort they put in for the amount of pay they get compared with the ratio of others. Expectancy Theory states that motivation will be strong if individuals can expect their effort to produce worthwhile rewards. Armstrong & Murlis (1998) say that ‘the greater the value of a set of awards, the higher the probability that receiving each of these rewards depends upon effort, the greater the effort that will be put forth in any given situation.’ For example to get a bonus of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100, they may have to reach certain targets, if they think the effort they have to put in would match the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 they will. Pay is very important to people because they rely on it to satisfy their basic needs. It is also a sign of their worth, it can therefore improve self-esteem and thus motivate them. Pay is the key to attracting people to a new job although other benefits may also be a factor pay is the most crucial. Employees will make comparisons between themselves and other employees, which will relate to equity and fairness. If they feel they’re not being paid enough they will leave, or work to attain a pay-rise. Pay can motivate (Armstrong & Murlis 1998) but to achieve lasting motivation attention has to be paid to other non-financial motivators. 2. When considering their reward systems management and employees will have differing priorities. What might these priorities be and why do they differ? Managers want to increase productivity by motivating their staff to get as much work out of them as possible. Employees on the other hand want as much money and benefits for doing their work as they can get. This produces a common ground on which employers and employee’s can negotiate. Employees want to maximise their rewards for working which affects their standard of living and their lifestyle. The organisation wants value for money from its employees, to attract and retain staff, to gain commitment and improve performance, which affects profitability and cost-effectiveness. Employees are looking after themselves and want rewards for doing as little work as possible. Employees are concerned that for putting a certain amount of effort in they get a justified reward. Management are concerned that the employee put in enough effort to deserve the award. Sale targets are a good example, if the employee meets the managers requirements they get a bonus (Armstrong & Murlis 1998). 3. What do we mean by differentials and relatives, and why are they important? The pay structure must provide appropriate differentials between ranges to reward significant increase in job size by moving a job to a higher grade. This means that there must be a meaningful pay increase with an increase in workload. If there is not sufficient differential between ranges of pay, then some workers will become borderline and frequent re-evaluations will be required. In a chain of command the pay is highest at the top and lowest at the bottom. Before being able to move up the chain, the length of the link must be overcome. Their needs to be at least a 10% pay rise for going from one link of the chain to the next, despite small pay rises as the employee moves up the link. Internal Relatives can be monitored by looking at the differentials that exist between groups of employees. If it is felt that because of changing roles that the pay does not reflect the new job size, investigations can be conducted to rectify the situation. When looking at pay for an employee, comparisons must be made on other organisations (monitoring external relatives). This is the competitive stance it has with other organisations; this might be matching others, more or less. It is important for managers to look at the pay differences in their own staff to see whether they aren’t being treated fairly; not being paid enough for the work they do compared to another employee. If the employee’s feel there is not enough pay rises to accept extra work they will not. If there is not sufficient differentiation between stages of the chain of command they will not be so keen to advance upon it. Also if employees of McDonalds employees learn that Burger King is relatively paying an extra pound per hour more, they will try to defect to Burger King. (Armstrong & Murlis 1998) 4. What changes has the development of HRM brought to management of reward systems? Are these changes beneficial to employer and employee? Armstrong & Murlis (1998) claim that Reward Management philosophy evolved in accord with many aspects of HRM philosophy. This is emphasised by treating people as assets to be invested in, this is HRM philosophy being incorporated by rewards management. By rewarding people; putting money in; this should get greater productivity; getting more out. Demonstrated by gaining employees commitment to the objectives and values of the organisation. Through strategic integration by incorporating HR issues into strategic plans and ensuring that the various aspects of HRM cohere and are mutually supportive. Lastly HRM has enabled employees to fulfil their full potential and to deliver their maximum contribution to the achievement of organisational goals. These changes really benefit both the employee and the employer, the employee gets more out of rewards management, while the employer recognises the employee as an asset. HRM tries to bring the goals of employers and employees closer together, by involving the employee more with the business increasing his loyalty while getting more out for he employer (Armstrong & Murlis 1998). Restructuring of Work 1. Why might the structure or design of work be important for the individual worker and for the organisation? The structure or hierarchy of work may help aid communications from the top level of management down to the lowest worker. An organisation with many layers of hierarchy or along chain of command will have difficulty in communications between top and bottom men. Communications from the top will go through many layers and tend to distort as the message is past on like Chinese whispers. Communications from the bottom will take ages to reach the top if they ever do. This is why a process of delayering has been happening in many UK businesses to reduce the levels of hierarchy to around four. Clearly defined aims and objectives help to ease systems of communication between different parts of the organisation. Rolex want to be perceived as a luxury brand, this is their aim and objective. Knowing this their marketing department is not going to do a cheap and tacky advert e.g. Pot Noodle. A good structure will help to keep all aspects of the organisation working in the same direction, for the organisations goals. To have a good structure is important to eliminate mistakes and therefore not waste time and money. 2. Explain the limits of taylorism as a job design strategy. Fredrick Taylor’s technique of scientific management is based upon the division of labour. This was done by taking a complex job and splitting it into its component parts, then train employees to carry out a single task in the most efficient way. This is in effect a production line with each worker doing a bit more to the product. The drawbacks of job design by task fragmentation are that workers experience extreme repetitiveness. Doing a task with little mental stimulation will result in daydreaming and not paying attention as a result of social interactions and diversions. This can lead to accidents and errors in the task. Stress is related specifically to high-workload, low discretion jobs. Symptoms include nervous tension, withdrawal and low morale; this will tend to affect performance. Motivation will suffer as a result of dissatisfaction with the work and extra efforts will need to be made by the managers. The simple tasks will also build walls between workers and management, as the workers tasks are perceived theirs and under the control of the manager (Mullins 1999)(Marcouse 1999) 3. â€Å"Job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment are simply attempts by managers to control individuals at work†. Discuss. Job rotation involves workers changing jobs from time to time. This could mean moving down a production line or from one department to another. This should reduce boredom and give the employee a wider variety of skills and understanding of the business. An employer will also gain from a more widely trained staff, as it allows for staff being ill and having trained employees who can take over. Although rotation might keep the worker interested, the time spent for the worker to learn new skills in each department would counter balance the gains in productivity. In addition moving workers from one boring job to another equally repetitive is unlikely to motivate them. (Hall, 1997) Job enlargement gives employees a chance to do a number of small-related tasks as appose to just one repetitively. For example they might be able to construct the whole bicycle, not just the handlebars. This is meant to reduce boredom as the employees have a wider variety of tasks to do and encourage satisfaction with a sense of closure. However in contrast it is argued that it reduces efficiency because of a fall in productivity from carrying out a greater number of tasks. Many workers also resent this because they prefer doing a singularly boring repetitive job so they do not need to concentrate as much. Job enlargement works better within a group situation, where each worker has specific jobs and job rotation can take place. (Hall, 1997) Job enrichment is designed to give individuals a greater freedom and feeling of responsibility. It focuses on intrinsic satisfaction; by giving employees authority over planning and execution of a task they should gain a greater sense of achievement upon completing the task. It is a more complex and challenging job that should develop their unused skills and encourage them to be more productive. Job enrichment isn’t without its problems though, workers who feel they are unable to complete the required tasks will not react positively to it feeling they have been forced in to it. Also not all employees will react in the same way feeling they should be paid more for the extra responsibility. (Mullins, 1999)(Hall, 1997) All these techniques of increasing productivity are designed not to cost the organisation any more money. In some ways it is managers just manipulating the workers, by changing their work patterns in a way to increase output. Job enrichment however gives the employee a sense of responsibility, lessening direct managerial supervision. But ultimately these techniques are used by managers to get the workers motivated and as productive as possible. 4. We are said to be living in a post Fordist era. What does this mean and how, do you think this came about? With so much hostility to Taylor’s scientific management, despite its benefits for employers, it had to be dropped. However the principles have evolved into a more acceptable model mainly incorporating job enrichment. The development of mass assembly line work was invented by Henry Ford in 1913 (Fordism); this took many of Taylor’s principles. This has been moved on from in an effort to try and increase motivation and productivity. Littler and Salaman (1984) listed five points of good job design: – 1. Closure – finishing a product or process 2. Assuming responsibility for quality control 3. Job flexibility is enabled by allowing training in different skills 4. Self regulation of the speed of work 5. The job structure allows social interaction and a degree of co-operation among workers. (Bratton & Gold 1994) Since this there have been three broad types: job enrichment, reorganisation of assembly lines and Japanese-style job design. Job enrichment as above is concerned with rotation and enlarging among others. The reorganisation of assembly lines has been associated with increased product differentiation in highly competitive consumer industries and unstable labour relations. This creates more flexible work structures in order to accommodate more rapid product changes. Japanese-style job design has three main elements: flexibility, quality control, and minimum waste. Businesses now tend to use one of these three techniques in the post-fordist era this has come about as an evolution of techniques and trial and error. Scientific Management didn’t work but lessons were learnt from it and are still applied today. The Concept of HRM in Transition 1. Should human resources be dealt with any differently from other resources? Justify your answer by referring to the managers control function. Human resources need to be dealt with differently than other resources; otherwise they’ll just leave the job. To ensure against this Human Resource Planning is carried out, this will include how to motivate staff, how to develop an organisational culture and planning how to support or develop employees e.g. training. Human resources are not like raw materials where they are purchased and used, a constant understanding is needed. The management want to have as flexible workforce as possible; this means training staff so they become multi-skilled. This can allow job rotation and covering other employees in the event of illness (Hall, 1997). 2. Discuss the four key elements of the Storey Model of HRM The four key elements of the Storey model 1992 are: Beliefs & Assumptions, Strategic Aspects, Line Management and Key Levers. The Beliefs & Assumptions of HRM are Unitarist, the differences between PIR and HRM are that HRM tries to instil commitment and trust in the employee looking to go ‘beyond the contract’. Therefore employees should be carefully selected and developed (Bratton & Gold, 1994). The Strategic Aspects are central to HRM, always trying to think of the business and the consumer. HR policies should be integrated into the business strategy – stemming from it and even contributing to it (Storey, 1999). The Line management is concerned with the critical role of managers. This is because HR decisions are crucial to a business and too important to be left to specialists alone (Storey, 1999). As appose to needing specialist key managers HRM allows the general managers as key players in HR issues. The Key Levers according to Storey (1999) are that: managing culture is more important than managing procedures and systems; integrated action on selection, communication, training, reward and development; and restructuring and job redesign to allow devolved responsibility and empowerment. 3. Evaluate the possible experience of working in an HRM environment, as opposed to a Personnel environment. Torrington and Hall state that the nature and degree of difference between personnel management and Human Resource Management as remaining ‘largely matters of opinion rather than fact, and the similarities are much greater than the differences’. Personnel management is ‘workforce-centred’, directed mainly at the employees. Although a management function, personnel are never totally identified with management interests. Personnel managements underlying theme is that workers have a right to proper treatment and to make sure this is the case in manager-worker relationships. HRM is ‘resource centred’; the main aim is to plan, monitor and control rather than mediation as in personnel. HRM is directed mainly at management needs for human resources to be provided and deployed. The underlying theme is that human resource management is much like any other aspect of management and an integral part. This means that it should not be separated, and only handled by specialists (Mullins, 1999) In a Personnel management organisation there can be tension between managers and workers, despite the personnel management intervening. The worker seeks to maximise his wages and rewards, while the employer wants to reduce costs, as they are a drain on profits. In a HRM organisation the employee should feel more involved and therefore be aware of the consequences. HRM also allows a more flexible workforce, which can be deployed more cost effectively than an inflexible one. 4. How, if at all, has the HRM allowed managers to increase organisational efficiency? If managers get better motivate their staff then they will work more efficiently and productivity will rise. Alternatively they might produce a higher quality piece of work. Storey (1999) says that it has become widely accepted that motivation is beneficial to the organisation. If human resource management encourages motivation of employees, if this is successful then efficiency will rise. However a definite link between a satisfied workforce and improved performance has never been proven. There is no reason for a workforce to be satisfied if it isn’t relevant to organisational efficiency or effectiveness other than for human reasons. HRM managers who train their staff get a much more flexible workforce allowing them to be deployed in the best way to reduce costs. HRM managers are much more likely to train their employees as a workforce gaining skills which can be used in a greater cross-section of the business. If last minute orders come-in it is much easier for HRM managers to deal with as they are more flexible than Personnel in contrast who couldn’t make last minute alterations. This makes HRM a much more effective and efficient style of management.

Problems of Nokias Performance

Problems of Nokias Performance Implementation of Strategic Choices When going over the case data, it becomes immediately apparent that the primary strength of Nokia is its capacity to exploit economies of scale which enable the company to not only produce enough handsets to meet global demand but also enables the company to sell them at a lower cost (Sengul Gimeno, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Problems of Nokia’s Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can be seen that despite Apple, Samsung and various Android based phones being the pre-dominant smart phone/smart phone in the global marketplace, the fact remains that smart phones as a whole are expensive and, as such, manufacturers of such devices would have a considerable amount of difficulty in penetrating developing countries where the limited income of the local consumers would result in low levels of demand (Clercq Lianxi, 2014). While it is true that Nokia ha s actively pursued First World markets in the past, as evidenced by the ubiquitous nature of the Nokia brand, the fact remains that its traditional markets are overly saturated which prevents the company from gaining a sufficient foothold (Kern, 2014). It is based on this that one potential strategy of the company would be to expand into Third World economies by providing cheap yet effective mobile phones (Barrett, 2004). From a market penetration perspective, this strategy would enable the company to encompass a much larger user base as compared to companies such as Apple that focus solely on the development of technology that appeals to middle to high income consumers (Besanko Wu, 2013). For instance, markets in Central Africa such as Cameroon and Ghana have a considerable amount of potential phone users in what is a generally untapped market for mobile devices (Subramanian, 2013). The reason why the proposed strategy would be effective is related to the limited telecommunication s infrastructure in third world countries and how this factors into the ability of Nokia to create a substantial market share (Ojo, 2009). First and foremost, based on the red ocean blue ocean strategy, Nokia is able to leverage its current product lineup as compared to other phone manufacturers simply because various iterations of mobile phones produced by Nokia are not as dependent on highly prolific 3G and 4G network infrastructures.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that smart phones, by their very nature, require a relatively robust network to function properly (Zhu, Singh Manuszak, 2009). Without such a network, they are relegated to being nothing more than a very expensive phone whose capabilities are severely limited by the lack of a data networking (Zhang, Song Qu, 2011). Within many developing third world countries, it is far more important to have a functioning and affordable phone rather than one they cannot afford and can barely utilized. It is along this line of reasoning that is more than likely that Nokia would be quite successful in various countries where the network infrastructure can only support mobile devices that are not as demanding when it comes to their data needs (Kawasaki, Lin Matsushima, 2014). Overcoming its Current Issues When examining the SWOT, Value Chain, etc. that were utilized early on in this paper, what is immediately obvious is that despite the current capabilities of Nokia, the current global marketplace is rife with many potential competitors with sufficient capital that can go to China, make a contract with a local company and they would be able to have their own phone model with its own distinctive branding which would run on the free Android operating system (Schmidt, 2013). One example in which companies can develop their own products utilizing outside help can be se en in the case of the company Polaroid who used to be popular for their instant cameras yet, due to a lack of sufficient foresight, have lost a vast majority of their market share (Cennamo Santalo, 2013). However, as of late the company has made a surprising move wherein it has actually entered into the Android based tablet industry and have actually been moderately successful selling tablets that were made in China by a third party supplier yet bore the Polaroid brand. A similar strategy could potentially be utilized by various competitors with the prospective third world economies that Nokia may attempt to penetrate in the future (Dennehy, 2010). The barriers to entry that used to exist such as having to build a factory and developing a supply chain are no longer an issue which has resulted in a proliferation of different types of mobile phone brands (Sung, 2014).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Problems of Nokia’s Performance specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommendation It is with this in mind that one way in which Nokia could address its current issues with regard to market penetration would be to create a phone that is both incredibly affordable yet usable in locations where mobile phone service is somewhat lacking. Nokia has the technological capacity to accomplish this which its various rivals that buy their phones from China cannot given the generic nature of the mobile phones that are produced by third party suppliers that do not have specialized technologies (Ahn Breton, 2014). Not only that, more prominent phone companies such as Apple and Samsung are less likely to develop affordable phones that have good serve quality in low signal areas given their current approach towards expanding into industrialized countries where such a situation is not an issue at all (Kaufman, 2013; Rubin, 2014)). This particular approach would definitely conform with the red ocean blue s trategy that was mentioned earlier since it would allow Nokia to dominate a niche market that other competitors simply could not penetrate due to a lack of technological capability or are simply disinterested in penetrating such markets in the first place given the low level of demand for complex smart phone devices in such regions (Pitcher, 2002). This presents itself as a good opportunity for the company since it ensures that potential rivals to its new markets would be limited in size and scope. Conclusion Overall, while it can be seen that Nokia, despite being one of the largest companies in the world, is being overwhelmed through the sheer amount of competitive forces that are in the market. It has to deal with the competitive pressures from Apple and Samsung as well as the proliferation of cheap smart phones through the open source Android operating system. Success for the company will be determined in the next few quarters as it attempts to penetrate new markets with its curr ent phone lineup. Whether or not the company will succeed with such a plan has yet to be determined, however, with its superb development team and supply chain it is likely that the company will definitely put up a tough fight.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Ahn, J, Breton, R 2014, Securitization, competition and monitoring, Journal Of Banking Finance, vol. 40, pp. 195-210 Barrett, L 2004, Nokias rivals getting too close for comfort, Marketing Week, vol. 27, no. 18, pp. 20-21 Besanko, D, Wu, J 2013, The Impact of Market Structure and Learning on the Tradeoff between RD Competition and Cooperation’, Journal Of Industrial Economics, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 166-201 Cennamo, C, Santalo, J 2013, Platform competition: Strategic trade-offs in platform markets, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 1331-1350 Clercq, D, Lianxi, Z 2014, Entrepreneurial Strategic Posture and Performance in Foreign Markets: The Critical Role of International Learning Effort, Journal Of International Marketing, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 47-67 Dennehy, K 2010, Google or Nokia: Who Will Win LBS War?, GPS World, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 50 Kaufman, B 2013, The Optimal Level of Market Competition: Neoclassical and New Institutional Conclusions Cr itiqued and Reformulated, Journal Of Economic Issues (M.E. Sharpe Inc.), vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 639-672 Kawasaki, A, Lin, M, Matsushima, N 2014, Multi-Market Competition, RD, and Welfare in Oligopoly, Southern Economic Journal, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 803-815 Kern, BR 2014, Innovation Markets, Future Markets, or Potential Competition: How Should Competition Authorities Account for Innovation Competition in Merger Reviews?, World Competition: Law Economics Review, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 173-206 Ojo, B 2009, Nokia finally wakes up to unrelenting rivalry, Electronic Engineering Times (01921541), vol. 1570, p. 22 Pitcher, G 2002, Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.., Marketing Week, vol. 25, no. 44, p. 33, Rubin, PH 2014, Emporiophobia (Fear of Markets): Cooperation or Competition?, Southern Economic Journal, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 875-889 Sengul, M, Gimeno, J 2013, Constrained Delegation: Limiting Subsidiaries’ Decision Rights and Resources in Firms That Compete across Multiple In dustries, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 420-471 Schmidt, R 2013, Price competition and innovation in markets with brand loyalty, Journal Of Economics, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 147-173 Subramanian, A 2013, Product Market Competition, Managerial Compensation, and Firm Size in Market Equilibrium, Management Science, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1612-1630 Sung, N 2014, Market concentration and competition in OECD mobile telecommunications markets, Applied Economics, vol. 46, no. 25, pp. 3037-3048 Zhang, C, Song, P, Qu, Z 2011, Competitive Action in the Diffusion of Internet Technology Products in Emerging Markets: Implications for Global Marketing Managers, Journal Of International Marketing, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 40-60 Zhu, T, Singh, V, Manuszak, M 2009, Market Structure and Competition in the Retail Discount Industry, Journal Of Marketing Research (JMR), vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 453-466

Disclosure of information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Disclosure of information - Essay Example This new employee begun badmouthing his/her former boss and the company he/she used to work with. We initially thought he/she was just kidding because he/she looked sharp and we thought that he/she knew that it is unethical to badmouth former employers to new work colleagues. But he/she was not kidding, as he/she ranted all night long venting all his/her frustration on us about his/her former boss, his former co-workers and everything about the company he/she used to work for. It got to the point that we got stressed by his/her ranting that it defeated the purpose of our night out. Listening to his/her litany of pent-up emotions about his/her former boss and company really stressed me. It really turned me off. And it got me thinking that I may be badmouthed too should this new fellow worker move to other company. The next day, I became uneasy and uncomfortable around this new fellow worker though he/she was nice to me. For whatever reason, I feel guarded around his/her presence. I became uncomfortable sharing my own personal idiosyncrasy and kept my distance from him/her. I also avoided long conversation with him/her. I am aware that it is not the usual me to avoid people. But with this co-worker, I seem to have hard-time establishing a personal relationship as I became too guarded and stiff around him/her for us to become friends. I can feel that he/she is not really that bad as a person. But I just cannot forget his/her litany and ranting during the first evening that we socialized. Every time I try, the words she mentioned against his/her former boss and work mates just keeps ringing on my head. In a way, her personal angst rubbed on me as it affected my ability to open up to some people. Years went by and we both eventually resigned, but our relationship never progressed beyond the

Referring to the 5 main problems of philosophy, show how each of the Essay

Referring to the 5 main problems of philosophy, show how each of the readings (Plato through Descartes.) - Essay Example Analysis of Knowledge The philosopher defined knowledge with level of doubt which is basically the contrast of certainity (Jerry 33). The philosopher Plato argues about mathematics denoting the logic. His work considerably influenced logic, linguistics, mathematics, set theory, and philosophy, particularly philosophy of language, metaphysics and epistemology. The true belief is already mobilized to resemble a modal logic and possibility of including world’s semantics. Epistemology has received greatest attention although it still lacks formal representation (Jerry 16). The concept of scientific inventions are currently dwelling much on metaphysics which is far much beyond human perception as the concern gets deeper relying on three main factors, for instance, God mind and soul, which are unique to an extent that man kind is not able to understand. Descartes embraces the principle deployed in order to be certain (doubtless). However, the philosopher acknowledge that everything within the earth shall be over and they an existing by their nature. This affirms that Descartes fears and recognized that God is Omni present. In metaphysics, and is determined to derive the ultimate reality in the existence between man, nature, mind and all matters that ad related to ultimate reality personal view on Meta physics (Jerry 19). Despite the human perception on God’s creation, people do think that they have the ability to let God’s work change. This is totally a perception which still requires a lot of argument both physically and through the bible to determine the reasons ass to why man in working with perception instead of ajusti9ng to the requirements. The religion philosopher clearly indicates that our God is not far from Earth, his prayers for many (Jerry 23). Ethically, the slave trade that erupted in the USA, which lead to death of thousands

An Equal Opportunity for Minorities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Equal Opportunity for Minorities - Essay Example This is what some minorities actually receive in most of our communities. Recognizing the hazard that this brings such as violence and rebellion both to the minorities and to the native Americans, the government and other citizens have taken initiative to abate this problem. Since these immigrants have come to the US soil with much dream and aspiration, they have proven to be more of an asset to the government, with 40% of our scientists coming from this group. The minorities proved to be a potent part of our nation's economy. Realizing this potential, the government desire to give them equal educational opportunities with the native Americans. Giving equal education opportunities for minorities will increase the quality of our labor force, thereby increasing over-all production in the country. these people represent a considerable percentage of the people that we depend on for our political and economic soundness. This paper wishes to look at how the American education system is changing with the influx of foreigners in the country. This report aims to look at the specific adaptation schemes done by the government to take into account this demographic change. We particularly focus on the government and non-government institutions that provide education opportunities to the minorities. We

The Young and the Innocent Essay Example for Free

The Young and the Innocent Essay Alison Croggon once said, â€Å"We are all mistaken sometimes; sometimes we do wrong things, things that have bad consequences. But it does not mean we are evil, or that we cannot be trusted ever afterward.† The story of the 1692 Salem Witch Trials is portrayed in Arthur Miller’s play, â€Å"The Crucible.† In this drama a troubled girl named Mary Warren fights through the false accusations of other girls and the citizens of Salem, Massachusetts. Mary Warren is an innocent girl stuck in the middle of a bad situation. She is forced to make some harmful decisions in order to protect her own life. Mary Warren is a young girl that is intimidated easily. She is a follower and her leaders are John Proctor and Abigail Williams. Throughout the play both Proctor and Abigail force Mary to do things that put her life in danger. Proctor said to Mary, â€Å"You’re coming to court with me, Mary. You will tell it in the court†¦You will tell the court how that poppet come here and who stuck the needle in† (Miller 1134). Mary doing what Proctor says will force the other girls to turn on her and put Mary’s life on the line. This time, Mary makes the right choice and tells the truth out of fear of Proctor. Later on, Proctor isn’t so lucky. The biggest enemy of Mary is her countless fears. She has a fear of disappointing others, a fear of Abigail, and most importantly a fear of death. Looking back on the play, these fears are what control Mary’s decisions. Her fear of disappointing people is shown by the amount of begging and apologizing she does in the play. Since the beginning she has had a fear of Abigail and has always obeyed her. Abigail said, â€Å"Let either of you breathe a word†¦and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you† (Miller 1107). Abigail was referring to the truth about what happened the night they were caught dancing in the forest. Last but not least, she had a great fear of death. This is such a powerful thing and in Mary’s situation, this fear indirectly made her a murderer. Mary had a choice, tell the truth and get hanged, or lie and sacrifice Proctor’s life in order to save her own. Mary Warren is a sympathetic character. She had a lot of weight resting on  her shoulders and in the end she did not make the right choice. Mary said to Proctor, â€Å"You’re the Devils man† (Miller 1151). This put Proctor next in line to be hanged and set Mary free. At the time of the trials Mary was only eighteen and even though technically an adult, she was a child at heart. She had not experienced any hardships of life until one day when she was forced to face the worst of them all, death. Over all, Mary Warren was a good person but was in the wrong place at the wrong time. She made some good choices and some really poor ones. Mary was able to walk away from the trials with her life and a clear name. Unfortunately, nineteen other innocent people were not as lucky and were hanged. Mary may have condemned John Proctor, but it is important to remember that one mistake does not define you or the outcome of your life.

A Change Of Nursing Management Proposal

A Change Of Nursing Management Proposal This report gives the thorough analysis of the current situation and an informed view of the future of Parkway Nursing Care. This report then provides a series of recommendations to close the gap between the current situation and desired future. This study aims to investigate the implications, forms of resistance, and stress which are present in the daily work of Parkway Nursing Care and the way they handle these occurrences, as well as the types of mediating processes which occur within relationship which produce confrontation and the way these help them to comprehend and transform their own work. The study concluded that problems, forms of resistance, and stress not only exist but also contribute to the reproduction of unequal relationships on the job and that these relationships occur between nurses and supervisors, home directors and auxiliary individual. Responding to this situation, nurses have been utilizing individual and informal resistance resolution. To avoid this resistance some collective resistance strategies suggest to overcome the resistance in Parkway Nursing Care. Profit and growth these two are the major drivers of any company strategy. All companies mainly focus on profit and growth. In Parkway also, the management focused on profit and growth and in fact it has achieved these through its outstanding leadership in spite of many challenges. The current size of Parkway, numerous awards and its reputation in the market demonstrate these achievements. However, as the pressure for growth continues, especially when the focus is not supported by right resources/facilities and well motivated staffs, there bound to be some chances of occurring certain problems hindering to the momentum of growth. This may affect the companys long-term performance. We cannot just go for profit and growth alone, but need lot of strategic thinking followed by implementation of the right plans through vital investments to meet the long-term objectives. It is important to have the right key people focused on these long-term objectives and also create a good image of the c ompany. Developing a rigorous execution plans and its successful implementation will bring good outcome. As part of growth development plan, a good management should always be concerned about the warning signals that come out from its survey results. The survey results shows the injuries, absences, turnover rate of staff and incidents per patients for the Parkway Nursing care between the 2000 to 2009. First of all the total number of patients increased slightly between 2000 to 2007.In 2000 there was total number of patients about 21,200 .This rose sharply to about 24,500 an increase 15.57% between 2000 to 2007. In 2009 there was sudden increase in number of patients by 4.98% .There was significant increases in number of patients in both years 2001 and 2009 .The number of patients went up by 5.19% and 4.98% respectively. It can be seen that there were significant changes in injuries per staff member, incidents per patient and certified absences per staff and others. The injuries, incidents, and absenteeism increased with the increase of patients in Parkway Nursing Care. On contrary , we can see that the increase of injuries, incidents per patient, absences of staff cause to turnover rate. Turnover and absenteeism are the withdrawal behaviors and work-related injuries are a significant problem in the nursing profession and are commonly attributed to the stressful nature of the job. The survey results indicate that many problems have developed while the organization was focusing on achieving its growth and profit objectives. Number of patients increasing but all categories shown decline. Costs associated with the problems exert pressure on profitability. Problem exacerbated by reduction in funding and increased documentation. All the above will make it difficult to meet stakeholders needs especially the venture capitalist. 3.PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION As per surveyed the following problems has been identified in the Parkway Nursing Care. 3.1.Staffing : Parkway Nursing Care has been facing one of the challenging problem is staffing. The staff injuries, absences, turnover these are main problems in parkway Nursing care. The major sources of injuries to nursing care workers are lifting and moving patients and overexertion. The injuries problems will contribute the work-related absenteeism and turnover in Parkway nursing care. Turnover is the one of the issue impacting the performance and profitability of Parkway Nursing Care. voluntary or regrettable turnover that occurs when a nurse that the organization would like to retain chooses to leave their job. Losing critical employees negatively impacts the bottom line of Parkway nursing care in a variety of ways including that decreased quality of patient care, loss of patients, increased contingent staff costs, increased staffing costs , increased accident and absenteeism rates. Employees are then forced to work harder and sometimes longer hours to make up for the lack of a sufficiently s ized nursing staff. The Parkway Nursing Care facing another problem is hiring new employee .This was under scrutiny of Government requirement to hire skilled employee or registered nurse in nursing care industry. 3.2.Physical Demands : Standing or sitting, listening to the patient, family, other health care workers, pushing the beds, gurneys, and wheelchairs, monitor poles, laundry and trash containers doors, pulling beds, gurneys, and monitor poles. Objects from shelves such as linen, supplies monitors, laundry and trash containers and doors these are essential physical functions nursing care .The problem is nurses demand the mechanical equipment to lifting patients and move patients from place to another place in order to prevent stress ,injuries and heavy load .These demand impact the other job turnover .The parkway not willing to purchase mechanical equipment because of it is cost oriented. This will increase the input cost and impacting the profitability of parkway nursing care. 3.3.Documentation: The Parkway Nursing Care has been facing one of the problem was documentation. This was occurring due to Generation gap between old caregivers and young caregivers. It is the difference between the young and the old in priorities and perceptions. The younger generation is always quick to adapt to new situations. It is often the inability of older generation to accept the vigor ,vitality and extreme views of younger generation that leads to the generation gap and communication gap in workforce. This is one of problem is Parkway Nursing care due to this some of them uncomfortable with Electronic Documentation. In an age of rapid changes it is quite obvious that the gap widens , inevitably ending in conflicts. It is high time we accepted the need for an ideal society where the aspirations and views of both generations could be converged to make job more comfortable. Documentation is the mandatory thing in Nursing care industry. The government impose restriction on mode of documentation especially in the E-documentation.This leads to one of the problem in the parkway. 3.4. Focus on filling beds This is the economic problem in the parkway nursing care .The parkway is focusing at filling of beds in order to get profitability. But this may cause the problem to workforce in terms of patient care and reputation. This problem contradict the sales of parkway nursing care why because it affect sales down and also impact on profit of parkway and also reputation. So this problem makes the dilemma to management of parkway nursing care. These are the major problems impacting the performance and profitability of Parkway Nursing Care. 4. CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Change management isnt working as it should. Both groups know that vision and leadership drive successful change, but far too few leaders recognize the ways in which individuals commit to change to bring it about. Top-level managers see change as an opportunity to strengthen the business by aligning operations with strategy, to take on new professional challenges and risks, and to advance their careers. For many employees, however, including middle managers, change is neither sought after nor welcomed. It is disruptive and intrusive. It upsets the balance. Senior managers consistently misjudge the effect of this gap on their relationships with subordinates and on the effort required to win acceptance of change. This leads to resistance in the organization. Resistance to change: Most people dont like change because they dont like being changed. When change comes into view, fear and resistance developed. Resistance to change is the action taken by individuals and groups when they recognize that the change may threat their interest. Resistance may be active or passive, overt or covert, individual or organized, aggressive or timid. 4.1 Forms of resistance: Psychological Resistance : The psychological Resistance can be fear of the unknown and fear of failure .No one can say precisely about the consequences of change, and this uncertainty builds up discomfort. The uncertainty and discomfort cause negative reactions among people and they are encouraged to resist change. The change may require advanced skill and abilities that may be beyond employees capabilities. In such situation, the employee may feel that his interests regarding jobs, power or status in an organization are at risk and this fear lead him to resist the change. Logical Resistance : The logical resistance can be of power and conflict, misinterpretation of change and not agreed with the impact of changes: Power and conflict comes from resistance to change also occurs when a change may benefit one department within the organization while harming another. Another reason is Misinterpretation of change. People resist change when they do not understand it. Such situation occurs when the proposed change is not consulted with the employees and supposed to be enforced as an order. People like to know what going on in their organization, especially if something is related with their jobs. When employees feel that the change would increase their working hours and duties and disturb but the benefits and rewards are not seen as adequate, they resist. Sociological Resistance The sociological resistance comes from group norms and disturbance in established pattern. Over a period of time, the members of a group develop understanding and interpersonal relationship. The group members resist the change when they believe that it will alter interpersonal relation and coordination among group. The employees and management are tending to develop a pattern of working. When they recognize that the proposed change can force them to modify their established pattern, they resist the change. 4.1.Resistance in Parkway Parkway staffs also have some type of resistance to change . Inadequate information, failure to accept the need for change ,communication problem ,untrained staffs , etc are the examples in case of Parkway nursing care. In Parkway one of the reason to resistance comes with respect to documentation. Government kept some restrictions on healthcare industry should maintain the record in the form of E-documentation. This leads to communication problem between supervisors and workers. This old care givers resists change because of they have their own perceptions and organizations are resisting this change because this change impacting the operating cost of organization in order to maintain old records .These problems demand the Parkway nursing care recruit the new employee and accompanying training programs have been increase compensation costs and Parkway mainly focuses on filling their beds. This needs high physical demands of staffs. So staffs always resist this attitude of management. Staffing problem is another reason for resistance. The shortage of enough staffs also leads to the high physical demands of current staffs. So they definitely resist the changes. Nurses are increasingly dissatisfied with staffing reductions at hospitals. They are overworked, and they often do not have enough time to maintain a high quality of patient care. This is a direct result of spending more time with paperwork instead being bed side with the patient and having too many patients to care for. The next reason is that the experienced staffs also resist changes, because they have to give training for the new staffs. This is an extra work to the experienced staff, so they resist the attitudes of the management. Most of the staffs may resist to any changes which may affect their work-life balance such as security, friends and contacts, money, freedom, pride and satisfaction. 4.3 Overcoming the resistance It is recommended that giving opportunities in change participation and involvement of staff to feel them ownership of the change. If staff understand the needs for change and what is involved they are more likely to co operate in that case management need to educate them and communicate with staff properly. Assess individual and teams leadership effectiveness and also provide feedback to determine individual strengths and developmental priorities facilitate a session with the executive team to review team profile. This will contribute increased awareness regarding individual and teams overall leadership effectiveness (strengths and gaps) and team dynamics. Individual and company objectives. Managers expect employees to be loyal and willing to do whatever it takes to get the job done, and they routinely make observations and assumptions about the kind of commitment their employees display. The terms of a job description rarely capture the importance of commitment, but employees behav ior reflects their awareness of it. Employees determine their commitment to the organization along Nurses of all stripes have the need for open communication with their nursing leaders. Many feel resentment when not told pertinent information. Communicate regularly with your nursing staff so that they feel assurance when they hear from their nursing leadership. Remember, communication works both ways so prepare yourself to listen attentively when engaged by your nurses. Never underestimate the power of a hand-written note to express your thoughts. Check to see if your older nurses know how to be plugged into technology to receive the full benefit of all electronic communications. Remind your younger nurses that instant feedback may not be possible on all issues and to patiently wait for responses to issues that arise. 5.Implementation Facilitating the growth and development of staff is an important nursing leadership function. Nursing depends on motivated nurses performing to their fullest potential. While many challenges face nurses in leadership positions, using nursing leadership strategies that motivate appropriately, communicate regularly and encourage effectively will ensure success for any nursing staff. 5.1.Creating Leadership Strategy The first step in formulating the leadership strategy is to review the business strategy for implications for new leadership requirements. This analysis usually requires a team of experts composed of some people who know the business intimately and others who are familiar with processes for acquiring, retaining and developing leadership talent. Beginning with the business strategy, the first step is to identify the drivers of the strategy. Drivers are the key choices that leaders make about how to position the organization to take advantage of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the marketplace. They are the things that make a strategy unique to one organization as compared to another and dictate where tradeoffs will be made between alternative investments of resources, time and energy. Drivers are few in number and help us understand what it is absolutely essential for leaders and the collective leadership of the organization to accomplish. 5.2.Recommended leadership style : Although many great nursing leaders emerged in the past ,most nurse were kept insubordinate positions .This subordinate has diminished as more nurse have learnt to apply their leadership skills to attain the ultimate goal of improved patient care. Nurses with leadership skills effect desired changes in the patients health patterns , in the medical treatment facility , in the nursing profession and in the community. With education ,training and practice, every nurse can develop the following leadership qualities. Professional Knowledge: Nursing involves knowledge in biology ,nursing science , social science , psychology and many other areas .Learn how to find and use appropriate reference materials and resource persons quickly and efficiently .Keep up with current nursing practices for validity ,reliability and applicability and share your knowledge with the peers and your subordinates. A positive self -Image :Leaders must be enthusiastic , dynamic and self-directed. They must be comfortable with themselves and act as role models to their followers. Assertiveness : Ability to state family and confidently and do quietly what you think to be right assertiveness enables a nurse to be professional. An understanding of human needs :The highest level on Maslows Hierarchy of needs its self actualization which is the need for individual to reach her /his potential through development of her . his unique capabilities .Nursing is often described solely in terms of tenderness , love, devotion and similar qualities that are generally associated with mothers and angels. Qualities That a nurse Needs :Nurses are the only healthcare professional dealing with hospitalized patients 24-hours a day. Nurses provide expert , skilled care when patients are acutely ill. Nurses also work outside the hospital settings in many different roles , including health promotion activities ,health lifestyle practices and disease prevention People skills are essential , along with a sincere desire to help others. Leadership is another necessary .This includes organization and management skills ,good work ethics , and inner calm in the face of emerges .In our technologically advanced society computer skills , manual dexterity and the ability to operate various equipment are important. Let us in mind that all the scientific and technological advancement cannot replace a caring nurses, professional competence and empathetic expertise .Her commitment on duty and selfless service make nursing a bole profession. 5.3.Leadership behaviors of home directors The company is going to be making some major changes from top-level management to operational level management. The top-level home directors have the ability to prioritize the work, time management, good decision making, and also have good communication skill. The top-level management always communicate with middle level management and middle level management communicate with bottom level management and vice-versa. In Parkway, there are different departments and all these departments have different home directors. The management should communicate with these home directors. The management sends all relevant information to these directors and these directors send messages to supervisors. Also they send back information to top management. In all organization, successful leaders typically develop largely by first learning to be good followers. The home directors should have the clear vision and mission about the organization. The management gives permission to directors to involve in th e decision-making and strategic planning. They should reduce employee dissatisfaction and actively involves in the effective process of delegation. The home directors should have more personal and active attitude towards goals. The home directors need to be continually engaged to co ordinate and balance to compromise conflicting requirements. The main jobs of home directors are planning, controlling, organizing and directing the activities. 5.4.Leadership behaviors of supervisors The middle managements act as a bridge between top-level management and bottom level management. In Parkway, supervisors are in the middle of staffs and home directors. The supervisors collect the instructions from the home directors and send to the staffs. They also collect feedback from the bottom level and send to the directors. The supervisors do this to create team spirit around him and near him. They also involve in certain quality improvement activities. Supervisors should be good listeners and also a good communicator. Finally supervisors should be an influence for others, work wise as well as ethically. And also should be a good motivator. The supervisors should mainly focus on encouragement, motivation, and communication. 6.Job stress in Parkway Over the past two decades, there has been a growing belief that the experience of stress at work has undesirable effects, both on the health and safety of workers and on the health and effectiveness of parkway. This particular concern has been expressed for the effects of stress on health-care professionals and, in particular, on nurses in Parkway nursing. The high turnover rates lend themselves to one of the stress-causing points in nursing, which is the very common experience of being short-staffed. Employees are then forced to work harder and sometimes longer hours to make up for the lack of a sufficiently sized nursing staff. Health care cost cutting is another factor contributing to this overwork problem. Enough nurses to fill the workload are often simply just not employed for financial reasons. 6.1.Sources of Stress The main sources of stresses that may be affected in parkway are environmental factors, organizational factors and personal factors. Environmental factors include economic problems, political problems and technological problems. Organizational factors comprised of task demands, role demands and interpersonal demands. Finally, personal factors include mainly family and personal relationships, earning capacity and personality problems. All these three types of stresses are existing in Parkway. These stresses will affect the job of staffs, management and patients. Some stresses are related with challenges; i.e. workload, pressure to complete tasks, time urgency, etc. Some stresses are related to goals, etc. In parkway, there are mainly three different types of stresses. Staffs cannot take time off when they need it. Some time they need some emergency time off due to personal problems. There is no contingency plan for these emergency cases. Most of the staffs have parents, children, etc. and they need to balance their family life with work life. In reality, the staffs do not get leisure time to get together with their family. There may be chances to develop stress in such situations. The staffs also have got high workload due to shortage of staff and more patients. This will leads to high physical demand of staffs and therefore stress for the staffs. The communication gap is one of the reason that causing stress to staff in the parkway and there is no coordination between staff with paper based documentation. When a new shift begins, they dont have much time to check on what happened in the previous shift. This communication gap will make conflict between the staff and also produce high stress to the staffs. 6.2.Stress Management plan Actions or situations that place physical or psychological demands on people over time will cause stress. Both physical and mental stress are required for normal and healthy growth and moderate amounts in the workplace can increase productivity. But if not managed properly, stress can eventually lead to burnout as well as to physical problems. In the workplace, one of the chief causes of stress is the feeling of inequity or unjust treatment. Effective stress management addresses employees both physically and mentally. Easy and economical treatment at the workplace includes provisions for music and physical exercise with suggestions for rest, diet, and meditation. Management can also reassign tasks and provide more flexible work schedules. Workplace stress is expensive because it can cause absenteeism, increased sick leave and medical costs, and high turnover rates. Parkway can give some relaxation programs to the staff like meditation, yoga etc. so that they can get relaxation. It helps people to reduce stress temporarily and also reduce the symptoms of stress. Few organizations have already established this for their staffs. We can also implement this in our organization. Another plan is biofeedback system. Conducting regular medical checkups to the staffs, their welfare The feedback provides the bio information of the staffs wherein the heartbeats, brain waves, etc. are measured. Parkway can coordinate some programs allowing sabbatical leaves to encourage stress relief and personal education. And also include some personal wellness program me . All these programs definitely reduce the stress of the staffs. Parkway can also provide counseling sections to the staffs. It will help to employee to cope up with difficult situations. It seeks to staffs mental health. Good mental health means that people feel comfortable about themselves, right about other people, and able to meet the demands of life. Counseling usually is confidential so that employees will feel to talk openly about their problems. Staffs can share their job problems as well as personal problems and reduce their stress through proper guidance. Some times the manager can do this counseling. Giving proper training to the staff is another way to effectively reduce the stress. For example, some staffs do not know how to use electronic machines, new technologies etc., and proper training to such people will help them a lot to reduce their stress. Always maintain a good communication with staffs as the communication controls the stress of the jobs. Having sufficient number of employees to work effectively will reduce workload stres ses. The management can also provide some leaves related with employee sabbaticals. Conducting welfare programs that reduces the stress of employees will be another approach. These are planes can be implemented in Parkway. 6.3. Summary In summary, the following are recommended to enhance the overall long-term performance of the Parkway: Recruit additional staff in workforce to reduce workload Mechanical lifting systems. Flexible time schedule. Electronic Documentation Training to staff for new software/ equipment Family outings/ social gatherings/ sports Performance based bonus Regular communications from top management to staff Feedback from staffs Personal wellness/ medical check up Counseling services 7.Conclusion It is recommended that the parkways management has been ambitious for profit and growth in the current competitive business model. For that They set some demanding goals for growth .The management should always be looking for better performances and changes necessary within the organization to meet the long-term objectives .This long-term gain may be possible by taking certain risks and through some short-term pain their earnings. This can only be accomplished with safety and security of its own employees which is the intangible asset of the company.